Free PDF Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness (8th Edition), by Rachel E. Spector
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Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness (8th Edition), by Rachel E. Spector
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The eighth edition of this well-respected book continues to promote an awareness of the dimensions and complexities involved in caring for people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Completely revised and updated, CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS examines the differences existing within North America by probing the health care system and consumers, and examples of traditional health/ HEALTH beliefs and practices among selected populations. An emphasis on the influences of recent social, political, and demographic changes helps to explore the issues and perceptions of health and illness today, while new introductory and capstone chapters help place material within perspective. An essential for any health-care professional, this book sets the standard for cultural perspectives and more importantly HEALTH–the balance of the person, both within one’s being–physical, mental, and spiritual–and in the outside world–natural, communal, and metaphysical. (Terms, such as HEALTH, are written this way to emphasize holistic meaning.)
- Sales Rank: #20879 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Prentice Hall
- Published on: 2012-08-18
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 5.90" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 432 pages
Features
- Used Book in Good Condition
About the Author
The sixth edition of this well-respected book continues to promote an awareness of the dimensions and complexities involved in caring for people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Completely revised and updated, it includes the latest information on the health care delivery system in a new organizational format. It examines the differences existing within North America by probing the health care system and consumers, and examples of traditional health beliefs and practices among selected populations. An emphasis on the influences of recent social, political, and demographic changes helps to explore the issues and perceptions of health and illness today. FEATURES INCLUDE:
- Free Pocket Guide to Assessment and Health Tradition
- Free Companion Website www.prenhall.com/spector with activities and test questions
- Revised organization to create a better flow of content
- New content on generational differences
- Updated chapter on the health care delivery system including discussions of barriers and alternatives
- New MediaLink icons that refer students to more information on the website
- New Application questions at the end of every chapter
- Coverage on the concept of faith in the context of healing or macro-religious traditions
- Demographic background discussion of each of the U.S. Census Bureau's categories of the population for a statistical overview of the diversity of patient populations
Most helpful customer reviews
73 of 83 people found the following review helpful.
Not a good resource for this important area of inquiry
By Monte Abbott
This review updated by author on March 21, 2006:
I recently (Spring 2005) used this text in an undergraduate health professions course titled "Diversity in Health and Illness". The author addresses a broad scope of cultures, issues and responses to cultural needs in health care. Although the book contains much that is useful, my students found it to be, on balance, confusing and disorganized.
I believe much of this response can be attributed to poor editing. We identified numerous spelling and grammar errors throughout. Poorly edited content is also evident in several chapters. Example: "...this chapter has introduced the dominant culture's perception of health and illness through countless lenses" (pp. 67). Similarly, "...countless letters are displayed attesting to the healing powers of this statue" (pp. 106). Isn't there a more accurate word to use in place of `countless'? More importantly, ethnic and race labels are not used consistently. "Hispanic" and "Latino" are used as though they are strictly interchangeable; ditto for "Black" and "African American." Term consistency would enhance clarity.
My concerns with the text are more fundamental and numerous but I will limit myself to a few examples:
USE OF SOURCE DATA AND REFERENCE MATERIALS
Although the text is heavily laden with descriptive statistics, comparative data is often not included, thus limiting interpretations. For example, the discussion of rising expenditures for unconventional therapies in the U.S. (pp. 96) includes expenditure estimates for 1990 and 1997. Without companion statistics for conventional therapy expenditures, readers are unable to asses the magnitude of the trend. Similarly, the description of the African American population as young (54.4% are under 18 - pp. 233) is not very enlightening in the absence of corresponding percentages for the white population and the overall American population. Figure 10-3 adds little additional information.
References for culture group descriptions are often either very old (1950's - 1970's), not the definitive works, or are not sufficiently academic (encyclopedias and web pages), and should be replaced with citations for newer research reported in more rigorous formats. Several important sections contain insufficient or no reference citations. The "Health/HEALTH Care Choices" section (pp. 85) contains numerous historical claims but only a single reference to the American Heritage Dictionary.
OUT OF DATE THEORIES
Some of the sociological and anthropological concepts presented do not represent current theoretical stances. I was especially interested in exploring citations for the "Cycle of Poverty" discussion in Chapter 2, as this blame-the-victim concept has fallen out of favor in sociological circles because it ignores structural realities that are beyond the control of individuals. This conflation of structural problems with cultural phenomena inadvertently creates a situation where the subtle racist beliefs we all learn through our socialization is reinforced in the classroom. Sadly, the only citation provided in this section, (Spector 1979, pp. 148-152), refers to an earlier edition of this book. Original references should be provided.
The Chapter 3 discussion of the sick role is limited to functionalist models presented by Talcott Parsons (1966) and Edward Suchman (1965). As our society ages we are experiencing increasing levels of chronic illness and more patients cannot expect to fully recover. More recent examinations of the illness experience would be appropriate.
CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS
The discussion of historical background for Native American cultures (pp. 186-188) is particularly dismal. While somewhat correct in broad outlines, the text reads like a less-than-distinguished freshman research paper, and includes various repeats. The discussion of traditional health beliefs and practices is limited to those of the Navajo and Hopi - important southwestern groups - but not representative of all Native Americans. Sources cited are limited to a few 1960's and 1970's references. Strains of the Noble Savage are also evident, particularly with reference to the discussion of "True Indian love" and domestic violence (pp. 200).
The role of voodoo in African American traditions is somewhat overstated (Chapter 10), and is presented as an explanation for present-day underutilization of the allopathic system (pp. 239). At the same time, more realistic explanations are omitted. Chief among those are the disproportionate poverty experienced by the community as well as recent and historical sources of distrust between the African Americans and the largely white medical establishment (e.g., antebellum forced medical experimentation, Tuskegee Experiment, Holmesburg Prison Experiments).
INTERPRETATIONS
My graduate degree is in anthropology, and although I expected some level of disconnect between my training and the nursing orientation of Spector, I found myself admonishing my students several times over to ignore specific passages and sections in this text as irrelevant or just plain wrong.
For example, in the section titled "Cultural Phenomena Affecting Health", in Chapter 1, subheadings include "Biological Variations" and "Social Organization". Confusion between biology and culture appears in other places as well, and was especially troublesome for my students with their limited previous exposure to the concept of culture.
The "Social Organization" subheading precedes a disjointed (but brief) discussion of childhood socialization, family organization, and barriers to health care access. Perhaps the first two could be combined in a section "Socialization". Regarding the barriers to health care access (e.g., unemployment, poverty and lack of health insurance), these could be better characterized as economic barriers rather than social barriers. Diminished economic resources are correlated to large extent with particular demographic groups, but one should avoid essentializing the availability of resources as a series of ethnic or cultural traits. Conceptualizing these issues as cultural phenomena obscures the contributions of racism, xenophobia, and unequal distribution of wealth to the problems of unequal access. Spector draws these categories from a previously published article, and the uncritical use of other people's published materials is apparent throughout the book.
Spector's background is nursing, and on balance, I am not sure that this provides one with the appropriate skills necessary to summarize the fundamentals of culture and cultural diversity. Theorising culture and society is (and should remain) the domain of anthropologists and sociologists (and perhaps psychologists). Like nursing and most other applied and academic fields of inquiry, understanding culture requires a great deal of specialized education.
On my initial reading I suspected a functionalist interpretation of the intersection between health care and culture, but on further examination this book is more like an online encyclopedia where everything (including the kitchen sink) is thrown in. What is missing is a critical evaluation of the usefulness and theoretical implications of others' data and interpretations. The result is conflicting content and a great deal of confusion.
A final example: Spector rejects the WHO health definition but does not suggest a better alternative. Instead she seems to think that health is indefinable: "I would define health as an undefined term" (pp. 50). I agree that students should maintain an open mind, but perhaps a series of limited definitions addressing a variety of situations would be more useful in the classroom. Social science practitioners and researchers struggle with variability in human behavior as a matter of course, but that struggle is mitigated through a realization that definitions are often necessary heuristic devices rather than complete summaries. Put simply, if we can't know a thing, aren't we just wasting our time?
I have reviewed a number of alternate texts over the past year and have found the problems discussed here to be present in several other texts. Perhaps the academic pursuit of cultural care is still in its nascent stage.
In any case, I have found "Culture in Rehabilitation: from Competency to Proficiency" edited by Royeen and Crabtree (Pearson 2006) to be a much better text for my class. The authors represent a variety of health professions and the text was reviewed by a similarly diverse panel of ten. Most of the contributions present robust bibliographies, rely on up-to-date social science research, and avoid the culture-as-checklist approach. I will review the text in detail sometime in May 2006.
14 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
limited information on specific cultures
By SmarterTHANyourAVGbear
There is some interesting information on health and illness in the first half of this book, but the cultural evaluations in the second half of the book are lacking depth. The book places too much emphasis on race and too little emphasis on ethnicity. If you are looking for a book on health and wellness this may be useful, but if you want to study cultural diversity, this may not work for you. The book is definitely missing many key cultures.
Example 1: In Chapter 12, the chapter on Hispanic populations, there is a table listing the 8 regions where people identify themselves as Hispanic and the corresponding percentages of the US Hispanic population made up by each of these groups. Only two of these cultures, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans, are discussed in any depth. This oversight excludes all of the Hispanics from Central America, South America, and other smaller Hispanic populations. It does make sense to review the Mexican Culture because that culture represents the largest portion of our Hispanic population in the US. However, Central Americans make up the 2nd largest % of the US Hispanic population, whereas the Puerto Ricans make up only 9.2% of the US Hispanic population. The arbitrary inclusion and exclusion of specific cultures may raise some concern.
Example 2: In Chapter 13, the chapter on White populations, there is a table listing only 7 of the countries where people identify themselves as white and the corresponding percentages of the US white population made up by each of these groups. There are many countries with substantial populations in the US that are absent from this break down. Furthermore, only two of the 7 selected white cultures, German and Polish, are discussed in any depth (3 cultures from the list that make up significantly larger percentages of the US population than the Polish are not detailed in the chapter.
Example 3: Chapter 10, the chapter on Asian Populations, talks exclusively about the Chinese with the exception of Box 10-1 which is an overview of Ayurveda (Hindu/East Indian medicine). At least, the author explains this oversimplification by stating that most Asian cultures derive their beliefs and practices from the Chinese and Ayurvedic health practices.
Example 4: Chapter 11 is about 'Black Populations' and there is no mention of the cultural divide between those African Americans who are recent (voluntary) immigrants and those whose families have been in the United States for hundreds of years. In fact, other than a few sentences giving population statistics there is no divide between people from various countries (Haiti vs. Nigeria or Jamaica vs. Ethiopia).
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Three Stars
By OB
another textbook
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